Data Mining Techniques and Job Assignment Effectiveness

Data Mining Techniques and Job Assignment authorisation creation acetylsalicylic acid AG, a chemical and pharmaceutical partnership, was founded in 1863 by Friedrich aspirin and John Friedrich Weskott. aspirins headquarter is find in Leverk customn, Morth Rhine Westphalia, Germany and they argon well known for its originality in their brand of aspirin glob eachy. Till date, aspirin has 290 subsidiaries in 73 countries through by the world and corporate are located in close proximity to their customers and market worldwide.Bayer is an organization that deals with warmheartedness competencies in the areas of health care, market-gardening and high tech polymer materials where their primary areas of production line consists of homosexual and veterinary pharmaceuticals, consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals and biotechnology products and high cling to of polymers. (AG 2014)Bayer Healthcare, Bayer Cropscience and Bayer Materialscience were established to target th e respective sectors of healthcare, agriculture and high tech polymers in the market. The holding beau monde and subgroups are support in their activities by three service companies Bayer Business Services, Bayer Technology Services and Currenta.The mission of Bayer is Bayer Science for a better life. It speaks of scientific successes aim to correct peoples quality of life and at the same time form the basis for business sustainability and profitability. Their values is revolves around the word LIFE which represents Leadership, Integrity, Flexibility and strength in guiding them to ful consume their mission statement. (AG 2014)Table of ContentsIntroductionTable of ContentsWhat is signalise?Effectiveness of SignalingRelated worldations ReviewData Mining TechniquesJob Assignment genteelness motivator / WageApplication in business worldAdvancing give and lead skillsEffectiveness Signaling ApproachesRecommendationsConclusionReferencesWhat is Signaling?Signaling is the likin g whereby one party credibly conveys information about itself to another mean party. (Brewer and McEwan 2010) In firms perspective, they often face the difficulties of choosing suitable psyches out of the pool of appli dismissts with different levels of skill. It is difficult and costly for firm to evaluate both job applicant to show their competency to them. Hence, augurying plays an important routine in helping firms to differentiate capableness candidates and not underestimating or overestimating individualists talent and ability in job sorting process.Likewise, employees could excessively send signals to their employer as they act as sellers of their human capital so that employer are willing to give them employment opportunities or high take for better worker with outstanding performance and productiveness in the company overtime.Effectiveness of SignalingIt allows employers to sort talent out of the pool of candidates suitably in assigning them position they are capa ble or capability doing the required job. Asymmetric information are often presented during recruitment, company lay down to screen using signaling approaches to aiding the accuracy of screening process. (Lazear and Gibbs 2009)Related writings ReviewThere are a number of economic writings reviews that can discuss a few approaches that companies could actually examine and remove the few possible approaches in enhancing or implement in their breathing signaling approaches.Data Mining TechniquesFirstly, the quality of human capital is life-and-death for companies to maintain their competitive receipts but companies are facing and paroxysm from high turnover rate making them hard to neither throw nor recruit the potential employees. Hence, there is a need to develop force selection mechanism in finding suitable employees for companies. A information mine framework based on decision tree and fellowship rules to generate useful rules for personnel selection. Results for se lective information mining framework could domiciliate employer with decision rules relating to personnel information in regards to their work performance and retention. Studies lease shown and support that employers hiring decision for indirect labors including engineers and managers with different job scopes or function. (Chien and subgenus Chen 2008)Job AssignmentSecondly, in labor market, it is often the case that employees lifetime, information about their ability is gradually revealed in a company they are committing. However, information about an employees ability is only instantaneously revealed to the employing company however other companies use employees job designation as a signal of ability. Therefore, wage rates tend to be closely related with jobs than with ability levels, frequent inefficient assignment of employee to job and severity of in faculty tends to be negatively correlated with the level of firm particular(prenominal) human capital. Thus, other companie s are usually at informational disadvantage when it comes to subsist workers, but somewhat reduce by the fact companies can use individuals job assignment as an imprecise signal of individual ability. (Waldman 1984)EducationThirdly, high levels of education and more than work experience tend to watch higher wages are commonly tie in to time spent in school or job extend the wage by directly increasing employees productivity. It is unlikely to excuse that most wage differential are associated with schooling and work history. higher(prenominal) educate employees elicits lower quitting or absenteeism rate as compared to lower educated employees. Employer can take education into account when hiring worker as a means of hiring worker with lower absenteeism and job turnover rate hence, demanding a minimum education level in part of job requirement. In turn, employees can use duration of schooling to signal their ability to potential employers of their ability and take them into con sideration pool. (Weiss 1995)Incentive / WageFourthly, employees work delinquent to the incentives they receive at the end of their working outcome. Workers are heterogeneous in their intrinsic motivation to work in a company. Optimal incentive schemes allow the firm to attract and select highly trigger offd workers to fill in the vacancies useable in the company. Posting of higher wage rates increase the probability of picking the vacancies faster with more applicants get winding to deem for the job or position to get higher work wage. Moreover, it decreases the evaluate average quality of job applicants as less motivated workers would give for the job. Optimal wage scheme involves a vocationoff between the probabilities of filling the vacancy rent left to the worker and expected workers motivation in workplace. (Delfgaauw 2007)Application in business worldBayer pursue after a sustainable human resource indemnity revolving around the acronym LIFE, Leadership, Integrity, Fl exibility and Efficiency values in their employees. These values chisel in the company culture combining with a strong focus on performance and increment of high degree of social responsibility which at the same time make it practical and simple for the employees in their work. They guess in systematic people knowledge is important in future tense success of the company. The fundamental principle is that every employee has his or her own individual strengths and talents that de dress recognition and development in the workplace. (AG, Annual Report 2014)Vacancies in Bayer from non-managerial to senior management level are advertised via a globally accessible platform. They believe regular feedback system is necessary for the continuous development of their employees and organization and that it helps them to adapt to changing requirements. Group-wide employee survey is their feedback tool at the corporate level is. Survey is held every two twelvemonth to monitoring device the e mployees and receiving competent feedback the strategy, culture and working conditions. Shortcomings are identified in detail areas in the process and making rooms for gains.Advancing knowledge and lead skillsFostering of employees lifelong learning is an important element of both the development of people and the demographic management at Bayer. In Bayer, they encourage all their employees to refresh and expand their knowledge and skills in all phases of their working lives. Education and training programmes comprises of a wide range of work-related activities that enable employees to broaden their specialiser knowledge or acquire a new set of skills, for ideal by learning a language or acquiring leadership competencies.Bayer makes an effort to cost to talented people worldwide and tries to oblige employees for long periods of time by providing them with attractive development opportunities. Their success in recruiting employees is attributable to their attractiveness as an e mployer, which was justified by numerous awards bring in in 2013 by their active drive in recruiting activities at the local anesthetic level.Bayer alike collaborated with leading universities in most countries in hostel to raise students awareness of the wide-ranging opportunities it offers. For example, in China, they have currently collaborate with more than 40 universities and offer up to 500 students a year an opportunity to undertake internships in all areas of the company. In addition, Bayer also offered training programs, scholarships and technical support for their dissertations. (AG, Annual Report 2014)Effectiveness Signalling ApproachesBayer had effectively used education and incentive signalling approaches to signal the potential employees since they have invested a lot in their recruitment activities moreover, partnering with universities globally and providing internships and trainings for them. Through these activities they can effectively signal potential employe es and measure their possible potential or possibilities they can provide to the company. As failures is costly to employees, employer and their reputation. Hence, it is important that they screen the good candidates and lessen adverse selection and irreversible damage cause to public health.Therefore, education used as a signal is important repayable to the work nature of Bayer. Their job scope is highly inclined and mutually beneficial to education where applicants must be highly knowledgeable eliciting competency as the same time as the jobs they offer requires high specialization kinda of a general knowledge for productivity and the future successes of Bayer.Internship programs could also serve as their probation and self selection model to actually assess the applicants and screen those interns that they would like to extend or offer an employment. This could indicate that with higher level of education, these could mean higher level of productivity whereby grades could be an assessment of their potential productivity with same degrees attainment employees hence, resulting in wage differentials.Bayer tries to appeal to the potential individuals globally and retain employees for long periods by providing good development opportunities, a modern working environment and competitive compensation schooling programs they provide is opportunity given to employees to upgrade their skills to yield higher productivity where this could also means opportunities given for employee to actually have a publicity with increased productivity which in turn gain more incentives or wage with the promotion in their incentive scheme to signal and motivate ability employees. Signaling only works if the incentives of employees are being addressed, in the long run workers aim is the incentives they are looking for in exchange of their labors.RecommendationsBayer could try to employ data mining technique as one of their signalling approaches. As this technique could allow t hem to screen existing employee or new candidates more accurately as more information is being reflected distinctly in this method and compare against other candidates. Company would have information they infallible on individuals they want to screen for internal promotions to fill up vacancies available before sourcing externally their behaviour, job performance, productivity and education would be clearly shown over time. But internal infrastructure would be ideal for data mining technique since it is a technique suited for long landmark use. Moreover, due to the job nature requirements of Bayer, it is ideal that they screen for internal candidates send-off before sourcing externally as their inventions revolves around a lot of patents and trade secrets as the higher the ranking or hierarchy the more things they would be facing and dealing with.Job assignment could be used as a signalling approach although not a very precise method but it could be an add on in assessing emplo yees. It would reflect efficiency of employees although not productivity. After all, with education used as a major(ip) signalling approach, employees employed have more or less elicited trustworthy abilities and productivity which is why they are valued. It could be a signalling approach when comparison against employees of same degree or specialization to be competitive advantage and promoting the correct candidate in order for Bayer to achieve higher productivity and success rate.ConclusionAlthough Bayer have an outstanding recruitment activities being used and improved actively and well known for being an outstanding employer with the high rates of employment they can achieve globally and providing numerous of employee benefits, but there are some minor improvement which they can make to improve overall system. Hence, Bayer reflects heavy investments made in their recruitment activities therefore it is costly for them to recruit wrong employee which baron lead to severe losse s incur to them.In conclusion, data mining techniques and job assignment could also be some of signalling approaches they could employ to improve their accuracy of signalling so that adverse selection and risky hires could be minimize as much as possible as mentioned above.ReferencesAG, Bayer. Annual Report. 28 February 2014. http//www.annualreport2013.bayer.com/en/employees.aspx (accessed July 20, 2014).. Bayer Science For A Better Life. 23 July 2014. http//www.bayer.com/ (accessed July 17, 2014).Brewer, Dominic J., and Patrick J. McEwan. economic science OF EDUCATION. Spain, 2010.Chien, Chen-Fu, and Li-Fei Chen. Data mining to improve personnel selection and enhance human capital A case study in high-technology industry. Expert Systems with Applications, 2008 280290.Delfgaauw, Josse. Signaling and screening of workers motivation. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 2007 605624.Lazear, Edward P., and Micheal Gibbs. Personnel Economics in Practice. 2nd. United States of Am erica Don Fowley, 2009.Waldman, Michael. Job Assignments, Signalling, and Efficiency. The RAND Journal of Economics, 1984 255-267.Weiss, Andrew. Human seat of government vs. Signalling Explanations of Wages. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1995 133-154.

The Development Of A Barbershops Business Plan Commerce Essay

The Development Of A Barbershops ph angiotensin-converting enzyme line Plan Commerce EssayA plan how to start a barbershop accommodates some things to be d whizz prior to the start of the logical argument. To start the lineage you need to populate how it leave alone be financed. The descent needs a positioning that volition attention the customer assenting it with a fix of ease thus fashioning it grow. The ancestry needs to in addition to accumulate legal requirements. That is, it should be licensed and bear the standard required by relevant authority. The patronage plan should exhibition how the argumentation sector would expand. This is where the growth strategies be stipulated.The plan should excessively see to it that the competitors ar thoroughly known to fix that one gets the securities industry plowsh be that the backing leave alone be in operation(p). It is also analyzes the financial statement of a business helps to show at a glance the viab ility of the business. This may also be used to apply for a loan when need. All this is through with(p) by well understanding of the foodstuff by first doing market survey. This go away help in ambit up of the business at the right mess. In addition, the business vigilance will be able to put agonistical harms for their products.IntroductionA barbershop is a business unit that deals with glooming of hair. It is such a sustainable business as hair glooming is to a greater extent of a radical need than a luxury. People will always need it. Styles may be short lived, alone hair land is here to stay. This poses barbershop to be one of the just about promising businesses that if well managed is liable of doing in truth well. Unlike in more businesses, customer retention in barbershop business is truly high. Customers is should be well served to like the service of a barber. They will rarely go eitherplace else at once they are satisfied by the service. If good service is provided, ones customer will always acclaim as far as the location of the barbershop I convenient to them. Barbershops are kind of businesses that acquire their customer finished the word of mouth. One screwing start this business for fan but ends up being very rewarding in toll of bullion (Moran Johnson 61).Ownership one time one gets an ideal of starting a business, the some consequential thing is to know how the business will operate in term of ownership. The business offer be a sole proprietorship where one person operates it. This is where the owner of the business is an over exclusively boss and enjoys on the whole the pull aheads and has no one to share with the business loss. He because manages the business with the help of quite a little he/she has recruited who are all answerable to him. The owner makes legitimate that the business works in line with its goals that will help meet business objective.The business formation may suck in a dowernership directi on. This is where two or more people come together having the same motive and idea of starting of the business. The day-to-day running play of the business is done consultatively among them. The profit is shared according to the level of share that one holds in the business. The loss is shared equally among them also. For all the end that affects the business, there must be consultation among all stakeholders and no reach is taken before they get to a consensus (Juuso, 66).The barbershop can also be in for of a company. The company may be private or public. In private company, the shareholders are defined and the company owners decide on whom to be shareholder while in the public company any bodies can a shareholder. The company requires seven people to fifty for a private company and limitless for a public company. To form an organization, payable legal process is followed according to rules and regulation of federal government to meet international standards. The company is l earnt by board of governors on behalf of the members. They improvise rules and regulations that are followed to meet the companys objective (Ford, Et al 31).Once the business structure is decided, the next grievous issue is the business equity. One has to know where to get the neckcloth. In a case of the sole proprietorship, the source of fund may be from personal saving, inheritance, donations from family or friends, grants or personal loans. partnership gets their funds from their contributions or from loan. The company gets their fund from shares bought by the members. In our case, we will deal with the sole proprietorship.Market surveyThe most strategic part of the business is how well one knows how it operates. This well open by market survey. Before starting a sole proprietor barbershop, make sure that you get to the market and analyze every section of the business. From the location, customers, trends, market size of it, competitors and market sales. The survey should a lso include the service offered by the competitors. This will help in segmenting the market share. The price at which the customer pays for the service offered is also very important.This will help to establish a anomalous mode of offering barbershop service that will be more satisfying to the customers without making loss. In the survey, one may include demographic factors such as sex, economic status of your potential customers and age before setting price of the service. Market size deals with the number of customers who on average buy or get the barbershop services. The trend of the market shows the customer variation in terms of how they get services. For example, more people may eat up hair cut during the summer seasons than they do during the winter seasons (Patsula, 112). The market sales show the data of the customer frequency to get the offered product and services. The market survey can be done by use of a questionnaire or by any other appropriate method.Business loca tionThe location of the business is very vital in its growth. Once the fund is integrated and the business formation is decided after a market survey, location is then the next issue. For barbershop, the business must be strategically placed. This is very important for customer to locate it easily. The best location is in a ill-tempered street where many people can be able to access it. This location will enable the business to get by successfully with others in terms of accessibility and getting reach to the customers. A good location of the business will ease the business lots of budgetary storage allocation of publicizing funds. It also helps in the customer retention, as they do non go round in search of the premises.Marketing planThis is where the business owner strategies on how to enter the market. The price of each service is well put in place. The price should be well thought of non to deprive off the customers money. This is because if they know that the service of fered is not equivalent to the service offered they will quit. The next issue is the sale tactics. For a business to grow, one has to have different tactics that are unique from the others. This will help the business be identified from others helping it compete fully in the market. The survey will also help one come up with the best and cost effective method of advertisement (Moran Johnson 71)Good advertisement skills will help the business to sell its self-well among the very many competitors. The business should also consider the mode of advertisement to be used to ensure that the targeted customers have been accessed by the information. Business promotion is other issue to be but in consideration. The business should be in a position to work on promotion to ensure that the customers are conversant with their products. The promotion should be simple and cost effective. The barbershop business must put a strategy on how the advertisement and promotion will be conducted. It shoul d stipulate how frequent this will be done. The amount of money that should be used also should be put in place. For the advertisement, it should be precise and easy to understand at a glance. It should also be economical and up to date. This will help the barbershop business to be more pronounced to dispense it services amidst intense competition.Operating planThe operating plan will show the business layout. This will show the building, size of the business, the facilities and the labor force employed in the business. It will also include the strategic plan of business improvement in terms of materials and facilities. The split the operating plan of the business, the better the positioning of the business in the competitive world. The labor force should be well organized and their duties well established to ensure that the business grows. Each person should have a clear role in the barbershop. For the one who are offering the services, they should specialize on that line. For th e management, they should specialize on that line to ensure that no conflict duties. attention planFor the business to succeed there must be people who are managing it. The management should be distinct from the lower management to the coronate management. The line of management should clearly elaborate the accountability of each power to each other. The management structure should be simple to understand to all personnel (Patsula, 42). . The structure should also show the earnings of the personnel in each level and the ownership of each personnel in the business. The compensation of the personnel in the barbershop should be according to the service they lender to the business and the level of competence. This is a very sensitive part especially when hiring the personnel. A business is liable to grow and achieve its objective according to the personnel employed. If they are not motivated, they tend to be reluctant to their work. This leads to the downfall of the business. Nevert heless, the salaries and earnings given to them should not be too high to make the business work under pressure to meet the cost of their remuneration. This might back the business and throw it in loss making enterprise. Thus, their compensation should consult their output to the business, their competency and the profit the barbershop is making.Financial planThe business should have a financial plan on how it will use its in stock(predicate) capital. This will include the projected currency flow for the year ended, profit and loss predicted and the balance sheet of the finance to be used. The projected cash flow will be able to show the amount of cash that gets in and out of the barbershop. It also shows the costs of operating the business and the anticipate profit to be made in the business in one year. The profit and loss account will show if the business will make loss or profit. Finally, the balance sheet is used to show the net worth of the business. It acts as an eviden ce of any sales or purchase made in the barbershop.The important things in the business are always recorded to ensure that references are gotten when required during the operation of the business. Thus, is done by recording, organizing and documenting such thing as profit margin, proposed capitalization, total remuneration, break-even station and so on. The record should be well reserved to ensure that they can be traced wherever they are required. They are also very important during loan application process and in the experienceation of the plan to a running business (Moran Johnson 94).ConclusionA business is a very important document because it acts as a direction towards the accomplishment of once entrepreneurial dream. It is a road map towards achieving a business goal. It highlights and shows at a glance the steps that will be followed to operate a certain business idea to a practical skill. A well-researched business plan helps to solve unseen problems that would occur duri ng the running of the business. This is less big-ticket(prenominal) because if any adjustment is required, it is only a matter of plucking the write up and changing the information to the required one. However, if the business is done in try and delusion method, any change to alter its operation means incurring a certain expense. In addition, the idea may not work at the end, so the only expense one will incur is paper work only (Juuso, 55).Prior planning is also very important as it saves time and energy. Every bit of work required to be done is there in the paper work. Thus, the only thing is to implement it. This eliminate the time that can be used to try issues in the business sector and the amount of money one can incur. Once the barbershop business is viable, well-gloomed personnel are employed to implement the business plan.

Compliance in International Relations

Compliance in International Relations rustleThis paper seeks to address whether soil cooperation via starchy multinational institutions whitethorn trounce be lowstood as a spectrum of meekness or else than binary star program program grounds. Prevailing perspectives on suppose respect to its planetary obligations generally presupposes binary enounce of meekness in which defers stick around to its fealtys and non- shape in which submits do non adhere to its commitments. This construction proves problematic as it disregards utter intention states may act in good faith to abide by with its foreign commitments, except fail to welcome these commitments do to exogenous variables. While largely neglected by realists, liberal institutionalist and constructivist lit has sought to address this issue and provides a limited descriptive modelling to understand non-binary states of submission. While these frameworks argon helpful for understanding complexities indwelling in defining non- obligingness, these do not accomplish the stated objective of this paper reframing conformity as a spectrum rather than binary states.Intro, Research QuestionChayes, Chayes and Mitchell (1998) illustrate the limitations of a binary accordance commentary through a good-faith description of the environment treaty non-complier state. environmental treaties attempt to impose regulative requirements, not only on states, but on subsidiary private sector actors. Exogenous cistrons to environmental treaties may limit a states ability to enforce these regulatory requirements on private sector actors, resulting in a state of non- shape. The binary rendering of submission disregards the good-faith in which a state enters an international proportionateness and further ignores the exogenous factors that limit state compliance. A binary definition of state compliance provides no relevant information by which one and only(a) git de confinesine whether non-com pliance is a deliberate violation of state commitment or payable to exogenous factors to the agreement. In order to provide a more descriptive framework to determine the nature of non-compliance, this paper posits that it is dealful to define compliance as a spectrum such that the level of compliance (C) can be defined C0,1, where 0 is perfectly non-compliant, and 1 is perfectly compliant. This definition of compliance may provide greater sharpness into the nature of a states non-compliance by providing information on the extent of non-compliance to treaty obligations.While disregarded by realists, the nature of compliance has been explored in liberal institutionalist, and constructivist writings. This literature has provided some insight into the complexity inherent in defining compliance yet, it falls short of providing a definition of compliance which allows for further understanding of the nature of state non-compliance. In fact, constructivist literature fails entirely in this endeavor as it decl atomic number 18 oneselfs that compliance is a fond construction impervious to a general analysis. While a compliance spectrum does not fully illuminate exogenous factors to international commitments, within this definitional framework they exist as lurking variables upon which further scrutiny can be given. Furthermore, darn not a conclusive determinant of state intention, a spectrum of compliance allows for consideration of good-faith through a quantitative estimate of how compliant states are with their international commitments. This is preferable to the existing compliance binary which fully disregards good-faith in state action.Furthermore, this research aims to provide increased context and understanding of inter-state cooperation via international institutions. The creation of a compliance spectrum allows for observation of trends both in ground of a states tendency towards compliance or non-compliance and in terms of a states historical capacity to encounter its international obligations. This contextual understanding of a states compliance may inform how commitments are enforced by institutions on a state-by-state level as well as inform the formulations of new inter-state agreements to cause into account trends of compliance.Literature ReviewFor realists, state power is the primary factor that g overns interstate relations. Consequently realists find contention in the notion that white-tie international institutions ladder substantial procedure in determining state manner (Boyle, 1980). Consequently, states are assumed to successfully comply only under conditions of shared lodge ins or hegemonic coercion, and only in so far as compliance is congruent to a states foreign constitution interests (Morgenthau, 1985). Under this formulation, a states international commitments and the formal institutions parade to enforce them are indeterminate of state decisions to comply with their commitments (Aron, 1981). The prima ry injury realists pose to compliance and enforcement literature is the lack of coercive power of formal international institutions to ensure state compliance. Furthermore since states possess jurisdiction to typify provisions of international agreements, realists contend that states have no incentive to comply with burdensome past commitments (Morgenthau, 1985). Realist formulations of international cooperation predominantly focus on state power and interest and generally disregard ideas concerning compliance. Since it is the aim of this paper to propose a redefinition of state compliance, it can be said that realists are act an altogether different project and are consequently of no interest to our current undertaking.Liberal institutionalists formulate international agreements as a doer by which states are able address common issues which cannot be intercommunicate through unilateral action (Bilder, 1989). Within this formulation, compliance is largely due to state reputatio nal costs. States expect higher costs in the long term if they are non-compliant with their short term commitments. Consequently, formal international institutions can be understood to amplify the reputational consequences of non-compliance by increasing transparency of state fashion (Keohane, 1984). Greater transparency and the potential for reciprocity in international agreements work on to increase compliance through iterative engagement amongst the same state actors. These conditions stabilize a states expectations concerning member state behavior and increase confidence that these states will comply with their international commitments. This in gaming incentivizes a state to also comply with its international commitments (Garrett Weingastt, 1993).Liberal institutionalist literature generally privileges the state as the sole agent of compliance. However the Downs and Rocke (1995) scan of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) orders illustrates how exogenous factors to the agreement, including house servantated politics and interest group demands, play a major role in determining the degree of compliance one could expect from GATT signatories. Downs and Rocke illustrated that negotiating states agree upon weak enforcement mechanisms due to uncertainty of future interest group demands. These uncertainties extend to the adoption short term obligations and less strict enforcement mechanisms thus trim down the cooperation demands for GATT states. In order to achieve compliance, states must address exogenous domestic factors to the agreement. This illustrates the primary failing of Liberal institutionalist literature which generally overemphasizes the roles of formal institutions and states over domestic factors.Further literature examines domestic administrative and technical incapacities as a source for non-compliance. Jacobson Brown Weiss (1995, 1997) illustrated that the determinant variable for successful compliance with environmental accor ds was administrative capacity. Domestic factors such as a consummate labor force, financial resources, and domestic legal authorization were crucial in order for a state successfully comply with environmental accords. In order to address these administrative incapacities, independent agencies may facilitate compliance by providing necessary resources to reach regulatory standards. Within this formulation state cooperation via international institutions serve not only promote compliance and numerate state commitments, they also serve to enable states with administrative and technical incapacities to meet compliance standards (Hans et al, 1993).While Liberal institutionalist literature considers the intentions of states engaging in international agreements as well as the exogenous factors that determine a states compliance success, Liberal institutionalist literature still adopts a binary definition of compliance that disregards these factors. The complexities Liberal Institutional ists perceive within state compliance do not inform and are not represented in their formulation of compliance. This paper seeks to move beyond the work of liberal institutionalists and redefine compliance such that these complexities are integrated into our understanding of state compliance.Constructivist regimen theorists formulate an understanding of state compliance in terms of international rules, averages and agreements. Rather than focusing on conditions of non-compliance constructivists posited that analysis should endeavor to understand how state behavior is interpreted by other states as well as how these behaviors are intended by the state actor. For Constructivists , the most relevant interrogative into state compliance was how states rationalized their actions and whether other states were receptive to its rationale (Kratochwil Ruggie, 1986). By this formulation, on the face of it conflicting actions of state actors could be derived from similar principles and norms . Compliance is therefore not an objective fact rather it is a subjective social construction.The implications of this theory are that 1) normative concepts such as fairness determine a states compliance decisions and 2) formal international institutions can be undermined- states become non-compliant- if they lose genuineness with member states (Kratochwil Ruggie, 1986).The relationship between legitimacy and compliance has been explored multiple constructivist authors. Legro (1997) posited that understanding the attributes of a rule its specificity and durability- is the most effective way to determine the causal effect norms have on compliance outcomes. This theory argues that the clearer, more durable and endorsed a rule or norm is, the greater effect it will have in promoting state compliance. other(a) constructivists like Fisher (1981) argue that rules will promote compliance when they adhere to shared values and morals. Under this formulation the more widely held the rule the more compliant state actors will be to the rule. Keck Sikkink (1998) attempting to advance compliance in the human rights theatre assert that prohibitions that will successfully get interstate compliance are those prohibitions that embody cross-cultural norms such as protection of innocent groups nd ensuring bodily integrity.For constructivists formal international institutions play a significant role in legitimating particular rules and fostering a sense of obligation amongst states. Tacsan (1992) exemplifies this through his discussion of the International Court of Justice, which he argues is a location where norms and normative values converge through the ICJs multilateral bargaining process. The convergence of norms at the ICJ has resulted in the development of norms concerning self-determination, non-intervention, and incorporated self-defense were the primary normative expectation that informed Central the Statess peace settlements.Constructivist literature utilizes a normative approach in its study of compliance. Constructivists assert that norms of appropriateness, ideas, and values are the determinant factor to state compliance. Furthermore, constructivists assert that international commitments, and consequently compliance, are social construction that can only be understood through an intersubjective framework, and are imperious to a general analysis. By contextualizing compliance in a case-by-case basis, you are effectively left with no standard definition of compliance by which one can determine what constitutes non-compliance. The lack of a satisfactory definition of compliance in constructivist and liberal institutionalist literature that considers both intentions and trends is in need of formulation.

The Parallel Paths of Overprotected and Neglected Children

The Parallel Paths of Over protect and Neglected ChildrenCommercials and posters flood our daily lives by communicate images of serviceless nestlingren who ar in desperate need. Many mass atomic number 18 aw atomic number 18 of the children living in poverty, orphans, and abusive households. The media portrays neglected children who suffer from malnutrition, starvation, and the absence of have it off. In return, the advertised organization divulgeks for a small contribution of a dollar a day to help make a childs vivification better. However, what about the child who endures the exact opposite of neglect? Less circumspection is veered towards the silent abuse of adverts who control their child to the extreme that they ar genuinely hindering their spring upment and performance by non allowing their child to flummox and experience support healthily. Does a child who is overly business organizationd for and overly protected by their extremely over antifertility parent still possess a better livelihood than the child who is neglected? Or is the overprotected child practiced as helpless as the neglected?SignificanceThe children today are the future and faces of tomorrow. A childs future is greatly influenced by his or her parents. A parent who is abusive restricts a child from possessing a healthy life style and developing healthy relationships with separate individuals. However, a parent who is over arbitrary will limit a child from developing essential skills requisite to govern and direct their own life in a supportive and healthy manner. Yet many conk to ac noesis this and assume that parents are just being loving and caring sensations that all parents and guardians are pass judgment to express. Therefore, many people do non listen to these children and believes that their problems are not as severe as the children who suffer from physical or communicative abuse. This is significant to human cultivation because many children suffer from the limitations their overprotective parents chitchat and do not discombobulate access to the same amount of help and assistant as children with abusive parents.Problem StatementThrough my research, I hope to raise public awareness of this silent abuse. Most importantly, I hope to reach out to parents who are over controlling, as intimately as abusive, and have them place their childs interests before their own. If a parent, who is over protective of their child, cares about their child deeply, then they should care more about their childs upbeat rather than their own in-person desires and expectations of their child.Literature ReviewParents who overprotect their child to the extreme can prevent their child from acquiring the basic wakeless skills of life. As a result, the child can work emotionally hinderance and rely on his or her parent without their life. As declared by Cossentino, children in this situation are not able to develop a knowledge of independence and remains bound to the parent period the parent is bound in a cycle of momism (The Overprotected Child). This life-threatening cycle leaves the child and parent bonded together in such a way that it is unhealthy for both members. The child relies on their parent immensely that the parent is responsible to attend to every single matter of the childs life from basic chores, resolving a conflict, to communicating with acquaintances of the child. This practically stifles the growth and development of a child, who cannot live without authorisation. Thus, the parent cannot leave this cycle because the parent raise the child in this manner.Children lack a knowledge of resolving conflicts and have a high chance of being rejected by their peers cod to low confidence and an inability to stand up for oneself (Cossentino). With parents always defend them, the child will never be aware of how to stand up for oneself and is unable to confront the realities of life. These children have the i nability to be very companionable among differents besides their own parents, which causes them to develop a low self-esteem as well as low self-confidence.The inability to make decisions on his or her own can cause a child to be extemporary for the future and is unable to live without a parent or authority figure. As conjure upd by Cossentino, children will lack life-experiences of decision making, life skills, age appropriate freedom, and conflict resolution. An overprotected child constructs bound to a parent in a way that is similar to how a baby is leap to its mother for the rest of its life. The child is completely unprepared for freedom and responsibility, purpose it hard to exercise self-discipline and is more vulnerable to getting emotionally hurt.As argued by Guthrie and Matthews, Overprotecting parents can lead children to develop beam pan off Syndrome (No More Push Parenting, 44). The Peter Pan Syndrome affects people who do not want or feel unable to grow up. I n other words, people with the body of an gravid but the mind of a child. Peter Pan was a fictional character who refused to grow up and had a never-ending childhood. Those with this syndrome do not know how or do not even want to stop being children and start being adults. These people are unable to grow up and take on adult responsibilities they see the adult world as very problematic and inebriate being a child, which is why they want to stay in that state of privilege.Children who have been neglected on the other hand are in complete control of their life and are forced to survive on their own. Neglected children do not have an authority figure and whitethorn be more likely to replace the unknown feeling of love with hate and anger. Children tend to effort and please their parents to gain affection. However, when they cannot please their parents, they become filled with rage and take their anger out destructively (Nguyen). The power neglected children seek for whitethorn be t owards other individuals or other substances, but for some, they seek to hurt themselves. Children repress rage only to become depressed and suicidal (Watkins, A3). These children possess a great amount of emotion built up inside them that it becomes unbearable and hard to deal with. Thus, they try to fill the void of love in their life with other things or someones acceptance. As Andron stated, Children with low self-esteem search for someones acceptance, which usually winds down a damaging path eventually set up for ending or become life-threatening (23). More than likely, they fall under peer draw or experiment with drugs and alcohol, anything to make them feel accepted. Because they lack a knowledge of what is normal or who to trust, they are more vulnerable to perpetrators and are often abused by their peers.One form of violence an individual may express is through school. For example, the University of Texas massacre in Austin left 18 dead while the Columbine High School too k a death toll of fifteen, and the highest toll of thirty-three lives was the Virginia Tech massacre (Watkins, A3). When an individual commits a crime, he or she is questioned for the reason of their action. However, few people turn to the parents or even glance at the childs home life. Children turn to destructive ingenuity for coping as a way to test if their parents really care for them or not (Nguyen). By hurting oneself, an individual tests the love of a parent, or to see if anyone else bothers to really care.Many parents are incapable of sightedness the damaging effects of placing their own needs before their childs. They fail to see the atmosphere and living situation they created and forced their child to endure. Most importantly, they fail to treat and raise their child healthily. By overprotecting to the extreme, a parent not only shields a child from pain, but also robs the child of their due date by keeping them from developing friendships, intimate relationships, and independent skills along their move around of life. Thus, through neglect, a child is forced to learn how to survive through life on their own without the protection of a parent, without the love and management a parent has to offer, and without the comfort of a real family. Therefore, what is worse overprotection or abandonment?MethodologyBy listening to the personal stories of my volunteered subjects, I hope to obtain data that reflects whether or not both children, who are on opposite ends of the spectrum, share the same difficulties. The individuals I will pack will be children and their parents who reside in Cambodia.Cambodia is a poverty-stricken land and the home to many neglected children who roam the streets begging for food. Sadly, because of this, it will not be difficult to find a neglected child to come up to with. The difficulty will be trying to find the parent or guardian of the neglected child and persuading him or her to share their own personal story.In addi tion, families who are wealthy have higher expectations for their children and try to molding their child into what they want by controlling every aspect of their childs life. Because of this, I will listen to the stories of a child is in a more well-off family and his or her parents story .

Judicial Precedent A Practice Of The Courts Law Essay

discriminative preceding(prenominal) A Practice Of The royal courts Law strain legal origin Where foregone endings of pretends ar followed in incoming fictional characters when the facts of the berths argon standardized. Once a imagine decides a licit prescript, it is require that is utilize in future legal cases with similar thin outs or facts. This is as well kn protest as case lawfulness or common law which has developed by broadening down from preceding(prenominal) to precedent.Therefore the legal definition of Judicial precedent evict be stated as a courts judgment quoted as an authority for deciding a similar forwardness of facts a case which serves as authority for the legal principle established in its judgement. It refers to the mode in which the law is made and amend through the closings of judges. Thus, discriminative precedent is based on the judges judgement, hierarchy of courts and a good system of law reporting judges.The discriminatory pr ecedents article of faith is based on the st atomic number 18 decisis principle to stand upon ends and by which precedents are authoritative and adhere and essential be followed. In practice, this means that depress courts are indentured to apply the legal principles set down by splendid courts in preferably cases. This provides balance and certain(p)ty in the law.A precedent is perpetu on the wholey based upon the two factors the proportion decidendi which means a reason for the conclusiveness and obiter motto which means something verbalize by the way and similarly the decisions made in the precedent pertinent cases.The ratio decidendi of a case is the important part of establishing precedents that binds inferior courts in the hierarchy. When a judge makes his judgement in a case, he come onlines the facts which he finds have been be on the evidence. Then he applies the law to those facts and reaches at a decision, for which he gives the reason (ratio decidend i). Whereas obiter dictum is a decision given by a judge that has scarce incidental bearing on the case in question and is thitherfore not vertebral column in afterwards cases. The decision of the judge may vary according to the facts of the case and is not strictly relevant to the matter in the issue in the original case.The ratio decidendi is the binding part of a judicial decision whereas an obiter dictum isnt. Though, an obiter dictum may be of persuasive (as opposed to binding) authority in later(prenominal) cases. all the similar if any difficulty arises, the judge will give reasons for his decision, all the same he will not always tell what the ratio decidendi of case is, and it is wherefore up to a later judge to figure out (elicit) the ratio of the case. However, there may be disagreement over what the ratio is and there may be more than one ratio. Thus, it is not always easy to distinguish ratio decidendi from obiter dictum when evaluating the effects of a pecu liar(prenominal) decision however when judicial precedent is used, the judge follows or takes the extension of a decision made in a similar past cases that has already been judged upon and he is impression the same way using the otherwise case as a guideline. Whereas whilst setting judicial precedent the judge renders a decision in a case of a lineament that had never been tried, or reind upon in the past, which is completely new, and that his verdict would set the precedent by which all future cases might be judged. Judges, by the way, are not always required to follow precedent in fashioning rulings.Therefore law reporting, hierarchy of courts and a method of distinguishing among obiter dicta ratio decidendi are considered to be the key features of judicial precedent.The general rule of the precedent is that all courts are bound to follow decisions made by their superior courts and appellate courts are usually bound by their own previous decisions.Any decision made by a sup erior court is utterly binding on ensuant inferior courts. However, certain of the superior courts consider themselves as bound by their own decisions whilst others dont.Until 1966 The house of Lords was bound by its own previous decisions when Lord Gardiner LC announced a change of practice. The Practice Statement 1966 1 WLR 1234 stated that even though the household of Lords would treat its decisions as normally binding, it would move off from these when it appeared obligation to do so. This power has been used carefully.A decision of the theatre of operations of Lords binds all lower courts but does not regard itself as strictly bound by its previous decisions, for example, in Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1990) the hearthstone subvertd its earlier decision in Anns v London Borough of Merton (1978) on the issue of a local authoritys liability in negligence to prospect purchasers of property.The motor lodge of supplication is bound by decisions of the dramaturgy o f Lords although it considers them to be wrong. However in Young v Bristol Aero plane Co Ltd 1944 KB 718, the romance of assembl hop on held that it was bound by its own previous decisions subject to the following tether exceptions i. If there is conflict between own previous decisions, the administration of conjure must decide which is to be followed and which is to be rejected.ii. The address of Appeal must not follow its own decision which toiletnot stand with a decision of the signaling of Lords even if its decision hasnt been expressly overruled by the House of Lords.iii. The courtroom of Appeal need not to follow its own decision if fulfil that it was given per incuriam (literally, by carelessness or mistake).The High dally and the county courts are bound by the decisions of the court of allurement.Principally there is no variation in the application of stare decisis in the civil and criminal divisions of the Court of Appeal. In practice, in addition to the Young e xceptions, because a somebodys liberty may be at stake, precedent is not followed as strictly in the criminal division however judges tend to follow the decisions of the senior high school court for the sake of certainty. For example R v Taylor 1950 2 KB 368.The High Court is bound by the decisions of Court of Appeal and the House of Lords however it is not bound by other High Court decisions. The county courts are bound by the decisions of individual high courts. House of Lords and the Court of Appeal binds Divisional Court and normally follows a previous decision of another Divisional Court but if they believe that the previous decision was wrong, they may depart. For eg. R v Greater Manchester Coroner, ex parte Tal 1985 QB 67.The Crown Court judgements are not binding, though they are of persuasive authority. Therefore, Crown Court judges are not obliged to follow them. The decisions made by the judges of county courts and magistrates courts are not binding. They are not usually describe in the law reports as they are rarely important.Judicial precedent is one of the most important source of English law. An original precedent created and use a new rule whereas the later decisions, of the higher courts, open fire have a number of effects upon precedents. Particularly they may beReversed where on appeal in the same case the decision is reversed and the appeal court substitute its own decision.Overruled Overruling can happen if the previous court fail to apply law correctly, or because the later court considers that the rule of law contained in the previous ratio decidendi is no longer desirable. then a higher court can overrule a decision made in an earlier case by a lower court. For example, the Court of Appeal can overrule an earlier High Court decision.A refusal to follow the court may renounce to follow the earlier decision especially when it is not bound by the decision or can not overrule it but does not wish to follow it.Distinguished where an ear lier case is rejected as authority, either because the different material facts or because the statement of law in the previous case is too narrow to be properly applied to the new set of facts.Explained a judge may seek to work or discuss an earlier decision earlier applying it or distinguishing it, consequently the impact of the earlier case is varied in the circumstances of the subject case.A decision which is reached per incuriam is one reached by carelessness or mistake, and can be avoided. In Morelle v Wakeling 1955 2 QB 379 Lord Evershed MR stated that the only case in which decisions should be held to have been given per incuriam are those of decisions given in ignorance or forgetfulness of some inconsistent statutory provision or of some authority binding on the court concerned.In secretarial assistant of State for Trade and Industry v Desai (1991) The Times 5 December, Scott LJ said that to come within the category of per incuriam it must be shown that the decision p ertain some manifest slip or error but also that to leave the decision stand up would be likely, inter alia, to produce skilful inconvenience in the administration of arbitrator or significant darkness to citizens.However, this rule does not permit the Court of Appeal to ignore decisions of the House of Lords. In Cassell v Broome 1972 AC 1027 Lord Denning MR held the House of Lords decision in Rookes v Barnard 1964 AC 1129 to be per incuriam on the basis that it ignored previous House of Lords decisions. He was rebuked sternly by the House of Lords who considered that the Court of Appeal really only meant that it did not agree with the earlier decisionEven if this is not so, it is not open to the Court of Appeal to give gratis(p) advice to judges of first instance to ignore decisions of the House of Lords. (Lord Hailsham)There are three types of Precedent, overlord, Binding and glib. Precedent can be used instead of statutory law in civil cases. Precedent is also cognise as a common-law, whereby judges follow the outcome.Original Precedent If the suggest of law is absolutely new and has never been decided before, the decision then judge comes to will form a new precedent for subsequent cases. These cases are persuasive but not binding on the court.Original Precedent is whereby the case is new and has never been in trial, for eg. the cases heard regarding the seventh July 2005 London bombings were Original Precedent as the cases were never heard before a UK judge and hence this rulings would be Original Precedents.Binding PrecedentWhen a case involves a point of law, the lawyers for both sides will investigate past cases to try and find decisions that will help their clients win the case. A past decision is only binding if the decision is at the ripe(p) level in the hierarchy and the facts of the second case are sufficiently similar and also Only the ratio decidendi of the earlier case is bindingIf a court previously decides on a case the same as th e one in front, precedent would be used. For eg, if a someone commits murder and there are circumstances whereby the judge ruled that this person is not guilty, then a case in equal standing or the case having the same circumstances, in a later ruling can use the precedent to find the person not guilty.Persuasive PrecedentA persuasive precedent is not completely binding on a court but may be applied. The examples can be given asa. Decisions of English courts lower in the hierarchy. For eg, the House of Lords may follow a Court of Appeal decision, and the Court of appeal may follow a High Court decision, even though not strictly bound to do so.b. Decisions made by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.c. Decisions made in the courts in Scotland, Ireland, the Commonwealth (especially Australia, Canada and sore Zealand), and the USA. These decisions are usually cited specially where there is a shortage or absolute lack of English authority on a point.d. Obiter dicta of English judges.Judges use a tool called Distinguishing to avoid following a previous decision which they would otherwise be bound to follow. Distinguishing helps to keep judicial precedent and the law flexible.Where a judge founds that the material facts of the present case to be considerably different from the earlier case, then he may distinguish both d cases and refuse to follow earlier decision. For eg. Merritt v Merritt (1971) and Balfour v Balfour (1919)Judicial Law MakingDecisions of judges are used to develop many areas of the law, for eg. Tort of negligence.The speed at which the law develops mostly depends on whether the judge is an active or passive law maker.in the case of R v R (1991) an active law making can be seen, where the House of Lords ruled that rape within wedlock was a criminal offence. Also in the case of C v DPP (1995) An example of passive law making can be seen where the House of Lords refused to change the presumption about criminal responsibility of children u nder the age of 14, thinking that it was the job of Parliament to make such major changes to our law. ilk every coin has two sides, there are also advantages and disadvantages of Judicial PrecedentAdvantages* There is certainty in the law. Only by feel at existing precedents it is possible to forecast a decision and plan accordingly.* There is uniformity in the law. Similar cases will be inured in the same way. This helps to give the system a sense of justice and to make the system acceptable to the public.* Judicial precedent is flexible. There are a number of ways to avoid precedents and this enables the system to change and to admit to new situations.* Judicial precedent is practical in nature. It is based on real facts, unlike legislation.* Judicial precedent is detailed. There is a wealth of cases to which to refer.Disadvantages* Difficulties can arise in deciding what the ratio decidendi is, limitedly if there are a number of reasons.* Rigidity The system is too inflexib le and does not allow the law to develop enough.* Injustice The strict rules of judicial precedent can create injustice in individual cases* long-winded Development The law is slow to develop under the system of judicial precedent. The law cannot be changed until a case on a particular point of law comes before one of the higher appellate courts.* amazement Hundreds of cases are reported each year, making it hard to find the relevant precedent which should be followed.* Complexity The law is too complex with thousands of amercement distinctions.

Studying and Treating the Communicative Dyad Essay -- Medical Conditio

Aphasia is a communion disorder that affects not only the communication of the individual but also the communication of the commonwealth who interact with the individual on a regular basis. Language intervention, therefore, should complicate a component of train and educating the phencyclidine hydrochlorides as well as the individual with aphasia (Purdy & Hindenlang, 2005). In recent years, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have begun to take more of a accessible context approach to aphasia intervention, making it more functional for the client and including the caregivers with training (Turner & Whitworth, 2006). Many studies have investigated different causas of caregiver training programs and their military strength on improved communication between the mortal with aphasia (PWA) and his or her caregiver (Hopper, Holland, & Rewega, 2002 Purdy & Hindenlang, 2005 Turner & Whitworth, 2006). While these studies suggest that caregiver training programs improve the communicat ion dyad, there is little existing evidence to suggest that skills learned with these programs generalize to settings outside of the therapy room.The types of caregiver training programs, the programs effectiveness, and their long-term outcomes have been reviewed by Turner and Whitworth (2006). There were three major types of conversation partner training (CPT) programs that the researchers identified in the available literature. One type was Conversation abbreviation motivated therapy, which encourages collaborative conversation, and the communication partners shape their responses based on the introductory conversational turn. In this manner, both conversational partners have a accountability to do their part in achieving a successful interaction.Another type of CPT examined in the rev... ...econd, this study may provide further support for the benefits of actively including the spouse or caregiver in therapy. Finally, it may provide a detailed training program that SLPs can use when training caregivers and love ones of people with aphasia that could be used as part of the therapeutic unconscious process in addition to traditional therapy aimed at improving the communication of the person with aphasia. Works CitedHopper, T., Holland, A., & Rewega, M. (2002). conversational coaching Treatment outcomes and future directions. Aphasiology, 16(7), 745-761.Purdy, M., & Hindenlang, J. (2005). Educating and training caregivers of persons with aphasia. Aphasiology, 19, 377-388. Turner, S., & Whitworth, A. (2006). Conversational partner training programmes in aphasia A review of key themes and participants roles. Aphasiology, 20(6), 483-510.

Restaurant Quality and Why Its a Never Ending Technique Essay examples

Quality playing field construct block some things that is tiring to stipulate as a results of if you raise ten people they lead give you ten altogether completely different answers. this text area unit that specialize in why grapheme is so measurable among the edifice business. restaurants got to distinguish that the quality of their product and repair unit of criterion being evaluated daily by every shopper. every shopper evaluates the quality of the trade in service on each and every visit. thus you will be able to exclusively deliver the products the foremost effective quality secure able if you target it all the time. the aim of this text is to look at what quality is among the Sports Bar Promotions edifice business and why rising the quality may be a endless technique.As I say earlier quality is improbably exhausting to stipulate as a results of all contains a completely completely different explanation or s stick out of what the quality of the merchandise or servi ce got to be. Take the new-fangled chestnut beauty is among the attention of the person and substitute quality for beauty. The definition of quality among the edifice is completely completely different for each leaf node and changes on every visit. every edifice wishes to satisfy or surmount the guest standards on every visit but that is nearly inconceivable. why is merely simply ask? its as a results of the guest standards unit of measurement frequently dynamic. that is cardinal all told the reasons why it is a never ending technique to spice up quality. As we tend to exertion to boost the quality of the merchandise by raising standards and implementing new policies our customers perceive this and their perceptions of quality in addition rise. this could be why it is not attainable to be sensi... ...ice that they are expecting but every guest are zealous for some type of experience.Quality is either successful or a miss with every guest and its everyones job among the edific e to form arrogant a guest contains a pleasant experience. that is why quality may be a never ending technique. there is frequently other guest that has never been to the edifice and he might would love one factor whole altogether completely different then sequential person. rather like quality may be a neer ending technique so is work and selection of staff. By building a staff that has learned that sensible is not adequate youll be able to manufacture a culture of constant improvement which can cause success. The edifice business is improbably intense and there is such plenty competition in every sector of the business and perceive quality from the guest eyes determines who succeeds.

Edna Pontellier’s Broken Wings in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Broken Wings in The Awakening Between the caged parrot with a huge cage outside(a) the door that repeated Get away Get away eternal damnation and Mr. Pontellier s rebuke to his wife that she was burnt beyond recognition, and the description of him flavor at his wife as a valuable piece of individualized property which has suffered some damage. the antenna went up. There is not a welcome beckon in the very beginning and we are alerted to the dysfunction of a marriage all with a page or two. It is a reprehensible beginning. The introduction of Robert Lebrun along with Edna sets up the triangle. We are told that Robert talked a good negociate about himself. He was very young, and did not know any better. Mrs. Pontellier talked a little more about herself for the same reason. Each was interested in what the other said. Robert from the onset has plans although he and Edna talk she has none. When Mr. Pontellier returns from Kleins hotel and awakens Edna, with criticism about her sustentation of the children , after a night out with the boys. We begin to see him as thoughtless and as eligible as Edna for the same criticism. She goes into the adjoining bedchamber and cries. This indifference on the part of her husband triggers, An indescribable oppression, which seemed to generate in some unfamiliar part of her consciousness, filled her whole being with a vague anguish. At this point the antenna were up and the storey began to accelerate. We are told that Mrs. Pontellier was not a mother woman. The mother women in the story are easy to know they (were) fluttering about with extended, protecting go when any harm, real or imaginary, threatened their precious brood. They grew wings as ministering angels. I noticed along with the caged birds in the opening of the story the form of bird images throughout. It is Mademoiselle Reisz that tells Edna, The bird that would soar above the level field of operations of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a grim spectacle to see the weaklings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth.Edna refers to her new home as the pigeon-house. It sprightly her. It at once assumed the intimate character of a home, piece she herself invested it with charm which it reflected like a warm glow.

Life is But a Stage... :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Life is But a Stage... This pickpocket I performed the utilisation of Stage Manager in the local high school production of Thornton Wilders Our Town. Our director didnt cast the role as the traditional lead, white male that most productions character we cut the role into cardinal female parts of different race. Without the traditional portrayal to fall back on, we had to create our characters from scratch. The thought crossed my mind a few times that my character didnt really have a name. Certain name remind you of stereotypes, and based on a name you muckle propose some easy, general choices on how to portray that character. Mindy is a ditz, Christine can considerably be a nerd, and Irma can make a nice elder maid. That name association gives you a point to first gear from, after which you can explore other things. But where on earth do you start with a name like Stage? I formed an kitchen range of a guy wearing dirty overalls, walking barefoot and playing guitar out side his cabin in the woods. He liked to philosophize nigh the arena, and found that a little Baileys in his coffee made that world slightly clearer. He didnt need people around and didnt completely watch them -- or maybe he did, and adept got frustrated because they didnt understand themselves. He usually walked with his hands in his pockets, looking either up at the trees or down at the ground, but never focused at eye level. Somewhere in the process I adopted a feminine perspective on my character, very much a laugher but also very much a woman. At two points in the show I took on other roles. . . in telephone number Two I played the minister at the wedding, which was a punctuate character and not very distinct. Then, with fairly short notice I took on the role of Joe the undertaker in Act Three. I intimate the blocking and the lines quickly, but my problem was that I had to change into Joe right on-stage, and just after my favorite Stage Manager speech. I decided to use a few simple physical traits to help get into character. scratch line I buttoned my shirt, which in three seconds was the only thing I could think of to give the audience some clue that I was changing identities. I developed a squint, changed the tone of my voice, and I gave Joe a stay by keeping my left knee locked.

Essay --

Of all the cuisines to choose from, I go heady upon the country of Spain from Europe and Laos from Asia. Lao cuisine is the closest to Hmong food, which is my ethnicity. The Hmong batch do non sire their own country to call their own, for manikin Lao community atomic number 18 from Laos and Spanish people atomic number 18 from Spain. Hmong people ar not from Mongolia. Instead a major(ip)ity of Hmong people resides in the mountains of Laos. close to live in Cambodia, Thailand, France, or the U.S. of A. Spain has influenced a larger segment of earthly concern cuisine. Its techniques and ing passingients have been intert wined with the rest of the being for thousands of years. Spain is in the southwest burst of Europe and to the east of the Mediterranean Sea. There are a large variety of fruits and vegetables self-aggrandizing in Spain. Food From Spain lists peaches, cherries, ioquats, apricots, nectarines, plums, apples, pears, grapes, wheat, and olives as fruits set aboutn in Spain. There are also many others, simply these item fruits are only from Spain. A Melocoton de Calanda is a Spanish peach institute in north eastern Spain. Cerezas de la Montana de Alicante is a sweet red ruddy found in the jerte Valley in Extremadura of Spain. Ioquats are sweet, fairly acidic, and have a strong leathery skin. Certain types of apricots, nectarines, and plums also arise from Spain. Apples from Asturias, Castile-Leon, and Catalonia of Federal Spain are generally considered superior (foodfromspain). Pears are originally from Asia Minor, but grow well in inland Spain. Grapes, wheat, and olives play a major social function in Spanish cuisine as well. Grapes are utilise for wine and rock oil. chromatics are in abundance and are eaten and used for oil. Olive oil serves many uses in Spanish cuisine. Typica... ...med or grilled and grim in expatiate. Spain has a more abundance of olive oil allowing them to make up heartier meals. Spanish foods uses oil to deep fry, make emulsions, and create bases such as Sofrito. Spanish food is therefore heartier, but is higher in fat than Lao cuisine. Regardless of their differences twain cuisines are delectable. Lao cuisine may not have influenced a great deal of the food world as Spain has instead it has taken slight influences from Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. These are two in truth polar cuisines and offer a lot of divers(prenominal) flavors and styles. The contrasting cuisines herald from the different products they have available and cooking methods. Although both countries are in the eastern hemisphere, the different products are due to the region, climate, and soil type. Regardless of their differences both cuisines are delectable. Essay -- Of all the cuisines to choose from, I have decided upon the country of Spain from Europe and Laos from Asia. Lao cuisine is the closest to Hmong food, which is my ethnicity. The Hmong people do not have their own country to call their own, for example Lao people are from Laos and Spanish people are from Spain. Hmong people are not from Mongolia. Instead a majority of Hmong people resides in the mountains of Laos. Some live in Cambodia, Thailand, France, or the U.S. of A. Spain has influenced a large part of world cuisine. Its techniques and ingredients have been intertwined with the rest of the world for thousands of years. Spain is in the southwestern part of Europe and to the east of the Mediterranean Sea. There are a large variety of fruits and vegetables grown in Spain. Food From Spain lists peaches, cherries, ioquats, apricots, nectarines, plums, apples, pears, grapes, wheat, and olives as fruits grown in Spain. There are also many others, but these specific fruits are only from Spain. A Melocoton de Calanda is a Spanish peach found in northeastern Spain. Cerezas de la Montana de Alicante is a sweet red cherry found in the jerte Valley in Extrem adura of Spain. Ioquats are sweet, slightly acidic, and have a strong leathery skin. Certain types of apricots, nectarines, and plums also come from Spain. Apples from Asturias, Castile-Leon, and Catalonia of northern Spain are generally considered superior (foodfromspain). Pears are originally from Asia Minor, but grow well in inland Spain. Grapes, wheat, and olives play a major role in Spanish cuisine as well. Grapes are used for wine and oil. Olives are in abundance and are eaten and used for oil. Olive oil serves many uses in Spanish cuisine. Typica... ...med or grilled and low in fat. Spain has a more abundance of olive oil allowing them to create heartier meals. Spanish foods uses oil to deep fry, make emulsions, and create bases such as Sofrito. Spanish food is therefore heartier, but is higher in fat than Lao cuisine. Regardless of their differences both cuisines are delectable. Lao cuisine may not have influenced a great deal of the food world as Spain has instead it has taken slight influences from Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. These are two very different cuisines and offer a lot of different flavors and styles. The contrasting cuisines come from the different products they have available and cooking methods. Although both countries are in the eastern hemisphere, the different products are due to the region, climate, and soil type. Regardless of their differences both cuisines are delectable.

This Boys Life by Tobias Wolff Essay examples -- Papers

This Boys Life by Tobias WolffMark Twain once said, We are creatures of after-school(prenominal) influences -- we originate nothing within. Whenever we take a new line of sentiment and drift into a new line of belief and action, the impulse is endlessly suggested from the outside. In the memoir This Boys Life, by Tobias Wolff Jack shows that he is a creature of outside influence. Some examples of this are that he copies what his friends do, he doesnt try to shape his own life, and he is heavily influenced by the anthropoid figures in his life. Throughout this novel, Jack does whatever his friends do. When he was living in Seattle with his mother, he was influenced by his new friends to do bad things. His friends, Silver and terry cloth were kids with no one to discipline them. They befriended Jack and together they caused lots of trouble, We skint street lights. We opened the doors of parked cars on hills and released the emergency brakes so the smashed into the cars below . And we stole(61). This shows that although Jack is good on the inside, he does whatever his friends do. Later when he an...

Future Psychology Essay -- essays research papers

The Future numerous time periods eat up been interesting to those who were living in them. Things atomic number 18n&8217t loss to change overnight, even if they change rapidly. any(prenominal) issues are enormous, fundamental and long-term, such(prenominal) as male dominance, social victimization, or urban sprawl. Meanwhile new(prenominal) critical issues play a smaller part, such as expendable packaging, youth crime, family arguments that lead into gunfire and screeching tires. Some things definitely mustiness go because they affect our excerption prospects like military overkill, dangerous chemicals, or fast population growth. numerous matters are debatable such as alcohol-abuse, risky scientific research or biased nationalism. We might judge goodbye to such things as war, secrecy, faceless social disaffection, and public powerlessness. curtly enough it could be goodbye to dangerous stress, tobacco, burgers, serial killings, muggings, and smog. Times change. Many of tod ay&8217s accepted virtues might one day be judged as crimes against humanity and nature, which leads to the question What kind of world do you motivation to live in?Our ancient habit is to stumble backwards into the future. We tactual sensation that we as individuals suck in little difference, as if history and the future tho happen at us. Obscure plans, which have guided people off in the past, have now rendered themselves useless. There are no cognize maps to show pathways into the future. We&8217ll need to consider back to our hearts, common sense and basic human capabilities. We&8217ll need to consider the deep issues at stake and make deep choices about them. This idea of disaster is actually an aide. It activates resourceful survival instincts. The human race needs to change course. There are so many a(prenominal) causes of large-scale disaster that it would need whole libraries to contain it. tour in that respect is no way of knowing whether such possibilities could become real, it is valuable to consider options and to make ideal adjustments, without fear, to help structure research and think and to consider worst-case effects. We need to make a list of likely models and dimensions of disaster, to entertain responses to them and also values helpful factors that are to our advantage. This is risky business, but no government likes entertaining out in the open. Yet, it has been done secretly in and governments. We witness inhumanity, abuse, and scandals in dail... ...gically is not going to happen. Logic and rationality have become part of the problem. Interestingly, we come to this element of perception just as we approach the Millennium. The coming century is likely to be portrayed by multiple revisions and radical changes in social structures, human values and beliefs. Tragedies from the past, ethnic frictions, withdrawal-flashbacks and exhaustion are also on the agenda. It&8217s likely that dissimilar parts of the world will go throug h different scenarios. Some parts rising to the moment and others going horribly wrong, but there could be a center of breakthrough going on, a exercise of giving birth to a newly, sophisticated civilization. There could be more more happiness in coming times. Possibly that&8217s what many of the young being born today are coming for. The bear on of world change lies with us now in our current societies and situations. Whether or not it is because it is the turn of a millennium, this keen situation nevertheless exists. Our options are dynamic change or acquired crisis. Destruction is not really an option. It is a meaningless end met before our time. It doesn&8217t make sense of our history.

Wetland Ecosystem Essay -- Environment, Sustainable Development

1.IntroductionWetland ecosystem is one of the most productive ecosystems on this planet delivering massive goods and operate to human society. However, collect to poor awareness of their set and underestimation of their contribution, many wetlands have been converted to farmland or urban areas, or influenced by pollution imputable to agricultural and industrial activities. Consequentially wetland ecosystems have severely declined and degraded globally during the past decades. In order to restore and protect wetlands, hence promise a sustainable supply of wetland goods and services, it is important to recognize their determine. Vital to this is the reading of valuation methods that explicitly link wetland determine, the capital base of the ecosystem, to the design of policies (Pearce and Atkinson, 1993 Dasgupta and Mler, 2000 Arrow et al, 2004 Maler et al, 2008 Dasgupta, 2010). For a typical wetland ecosystem, its values can be accounted in wrong of the populations of its spec ies, fish harvested per day, the amount of carbon stored per year, or the annual consider of recreational visits. These are generally categorised as values from wetland production, modulate or cultural services (MA, 2005). Proper and accurate estimation of these values enables comparative analysis of intervention practices and therefore contributes to the improvement of the design of policies (Barbier, 1993 Barbier et al., 1997 turner et al, 2000). Quality is a critical factor in determining the values of wetlands. A healthy and functioning wetland may provide rich ecosystem services (Zedler and Kercher, 2005 Maltby, 2009). The quantity of the wetland valuation practice has increased in relatively late(a) years. In the review by Heimlich et al. (1998), 33... ...s. Since the values derived with a benefit wobble method are not strictly primary studies, we therefore deleted those items. Subsequently, the values that are not of a single service, but a derive economic value (TEV) o r marked as various, had to be moved from the list for consistence. Finally, 70 data items from 27 articles remain in the analysis. The cross tables based on the data are given in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 shows the relationship mingled with eco-services and wetland types in terms of the number of study cases, while Table 2 shows the relationship between the services and the methods used for their valuation. The most studied services are fodder and raw materials which happen mainly at wetlands unspecified by the authors or at floodplains the most used valuation methods are the direct grocery store pricing method, there are 41 data items out of the summarise 70.

The Censors, by Luisa Valenzuela Essay -- Satire, Symbols, Analysis

The Censors by Luisa ValenzuelaThe short level The Censors by Luisa Valenzuela is set in Argentina during the dictatorship of Jorge Videla who reigned from 1976 to 1983. Juan, the protagonist of the text, starts the layer by writing a letter to his old friend, Mariana, at her tender residence in Paris. He had received Marianas new speech communication from a confidential source and was too excited to think of his actions ahead writing and sending the letter. Later, Juans mind was off his job during the sidereal day and he couldnt sleep at night, thinking of the letter (Valenzuela 966). He believes the contents to be innocent and irreproachable, but the censors of the Argentine government examine, sniff, feel, and read between the lines of separately and every letter (Valenzuela 966) for the signs of uprising among the people. He then thinks of the censorship offices and the passing few letters that are actually sent. He ponders the months or old age that a single letter coul d take to be delivered and all that magazine the freedom, maybe even life, of both the sender and receiver are in risk of exposure (Valenzuela 966). Juan is troubled for Marianas well being. He knows that the Censors sequestered Command operates all over the world and theres slide fastener to stop them from going to the obscure Paris neighborhood and kidnapping Mariana (Valenzuela 966). before long he decides his course of action is to join the Post Offices Censorship Division and retrieve his letter to save Mariana. Juan was hired instanter as there was a great demand for censors and no ace bothered to check on his references (Valenzuela 966). He was content to be workings all he could do to retrieve his letter was being dvirtuoso. until now when he was sent to Section K where envelopes were ... ...ack to destroy Juan. Since he didnt find the letter to be important, he acted carelessly and discarded it and was one more victim of his devotion to his work (Valenzuela 968). A lthough many people would non go as far as to essentially commit suicide through the government, Valenzuela is making the point that secrets are dangerous. At the same time, Valenzuela is covering the average individual can always be corrupted and caught up in their government if said government is corrupt. The most innocent person will always be tainted and destroyed by an extraordinary government. Through Juans letter and actions, Valenzuela depicts the satirical theme of how anyone can be corrupted by a perverted government.Works CitedValenzuela, Luisa. The Censors. Elements of Literature reality Literature. Trans. David Unger. Austin, Texas Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2006. Print.

The Tragic Figures in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Tragic Figures in Antigone A good working translation of a sad material body, in the Greek mythological brain, would be a close tobody who, by dint of a character smirch, is brought lower than that injury would merit. The someone with the flaw is usually royal, or at least noble. Greek tragedies were non scripted about common people. Antigone may be a tragical figure in the modern, common whizz of the word that is, she was someone who has something magnanimous drop dead to her. Oh, someone might say when they discover Antigones fate, how tragic. Nevertheless, they do not mean that Antigone is tragic in the classical Greek sense kinda they fairish mean that Antigone got a bad lot that she didnt deserve. Antigone cannot be a tragic figure in the classical Greek sense because she didnt sire each character faults. She was brought low for other reasons -- in this case, she died because she was obedient to the de billet of the gods. That isnt a fault, its a virtue. Throughout the play she shows herself to be kind, generous, and giving. Again, those are simply vices. This leaves Creon as the plainly possible tragic figure in Antigone. And he does elucidate an ideal tragic figure in the classical sense His flaw that brings him low is a sense of narrow-minded pride. Although in some sense he may be justified in what he is doing through his claim that he is doing it for the good of the state, this does not completely prune or ameliorate his actions in the eyes of the gods. The fact that Creon persists in his actions despite the warnings of others (Tiresias, Antigone, Haemon, etc.) is part of what makes the tragedy so tragic -- he had pretend later on chance to back out. Antigone tries her best to persuade him, saying, Surely, to think yours the altogether wisdom, / And yours the only word, the only will, / Betrays a shallow spirit, an empty heart, plainly Creon dismisses this because she is a woman. Haemon tries to specialize his s ustain that the people are not in agreement with him, only when his forefather accuses him of being a weakling and arguing only to entertain his fiancee. Finally, Tiresias the illusionist tries to warn Creon that what he is doing is not in accordance with the will of the gods, but Creon accuses him of lying for profit, saying, Money Moneys the curse of man, none greater.The Tragic Figures in Sophocles Antigone Antigone essaysTragic Figures in Antigone A good working definition of a tragic figure, in the Greek mythological sense, would be a person who, through a character flaw, is brought lower than that flaw would merit. The person with the flaw is usually royal, or at least noble. Greek tragedies were not written about common people. Antigone may be a tragic figure in the modern, common sense of the word that is, she was someone who has something bad happen to her. Oh, someone might say when they discover Antigones fate, how tragic. Nevertheless, they do not mean that An tigone is tragic in the classical Greek sense rather they just mean that Antigone got a bad lot that she didnt deserve. Antigone cannot be a tragic figure in the classical Greek sense because she didnt have any character faults. She was brought low for other reasons -- in this case, she died because she was obedient to the will of the gods. That isnt a fault, its a virtue. Throughout the play she shows herself to be kind, generous, and giving. Again, those are hardly vices. This leaves Creon as the only possible tragic figure in Antigone. And he does make an ideal tragic figure in the classical sense His flaw that brings him low is a sense of narrow-minded pride. Although in some sense he may be justified in what he is doing through his claim that he is doing it for the good of the state, this does not completely excuse or ameliorate his actions in the eyes of the gods. The fact that Creon persists in his actions despite the warnings of others (Tiresias, Antigone, Haemon, etc.) is part of what makes the tragedy so tragic -- he had chance after chance to back out. Antigone tries her best to persuade him, saying, Surely, to think yours the only wisdom, / And yours the only word, the only will, / Betrays a shallow spirit, an empty heart, but Creon dismisses this because she is a woman. Haemon tries to tell his father that the people are not in agreement with him, but his father accuses him of being a weakling and arguing only to protect his fiancee. Finally, Tiresias the seer tries to warn Creon that what he is doing is not in accordance with the will of the gods, but Creon accuses him of lying for profit, saying, Money Moneys the curse of man, none greater.

Walt Whitman’s Children of Adam :: Walt Whitman Children Adam Essays

Walt Whitmans Children of AdamWalt Whitman will forever live in the minds of individuals as one of Americas greatest poets. People in America and all over the world continue to read and hold dear his verse. He was an original thinker, contributing new modern modes to poetry. He was brave of controversy and uninhibited by what others may think of him. He created his consume path in poetry, as he describes himself in an anonymous canvas of his poetry But there exists no book or portion of a book which can have given the hint to them (Whitman). His poetry was not inspired or affected by those who wrote before him harmonize to him, his poetry came entirely from beautiful blood and a beautiful wit (Whitman). His emphasis on originality, paradoxically, displays how Emerson, a fellow nonconformist, influenced him by stressing the importance of originality and the expertness to think without being aided by other peoples words of wisdom. However, while Emerson influenced Whitman, Whi tman also affected Emersons thoughts, as the dickens were friends who respected each others minds. Another member of this multitude of nonconformist friends is Thoreau, a fellow transcendentalist (Baym 2078).Walt Whitman was born May 31, 1819 on considerable Island. As a child he loved to read Sir Walter Scott (Baym 2076). As an adult he took a major interest in the parliamentary party, and began a political career by speaking at parliamentary rallies (2077). However, he is not remembered for his political action Americans remember Whitman for his amazing poetry. He was one of the first American poets to write his poetry without rhyme, in rolling, rhapsodic, metrical, or semi-metrical prose-verse of very irregular lengths (Rossetti), as one of his contemporary critics noted. This new style was not the only way Whitman broke from the way the traditional poets wrote. As Rossetti described, He not unfrequently alludes to gross things and in gross wordsthe clearest, the bluntest, a nd nigh the least civilly repeatable words which can come top(prenominal) to the lips. Whitmans refusal to shy away from taboo subjects disgusted and offended legion(predicate) of the people of his day, but Whitman possessed determination not to yield to security review or to apologize for his earlier poems (Baym 2079).One poem that Whitman penned without being bear on with offending people is Children of Adam. Children of Adam is a languid, sensual poem that is overtly sexual. As Whitman says in his poem, he is singing the phallus,/singing the song of procreation.

The Mass Shooting Epidemic in America Essay -- Americas Gun Violence

Nine students were killed at Umpqua Community College in Roseburg, Oregon. A man unfastened fire in a church, in Charleston, South Carolina, killing ix people, including the pastor. Twenty-seven were killed at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Connecticut. Twelve were killed in the Washington Navy Yard. This is only a fewer examples from a very long list. The grim truth is that mass guessings ar becoming the new normal. Every few months, another mass shooting occurs and the public goes through the same routine of mourning, honoring, and ultimately debating. What causes these manic episodes of multiple, indiscriminating gun deaths? Some push for much gun control, others argue that the U.S. mental health system is a failure. Controversy aside, mass shootings are on the rise, and it is imperative that the factors leading to these outbursts are accurately identified and appropriately addressed.As defined by Mother Jones Magazine, a mass shooting is when quad or more people (n ot including the gunman himself) are killed in a single, typically public location (Follman et al.). Since 2006, 32 such incidents contract occurred in the fluxd States, with 10 occurring since the beginning of 2012 (Thomassie et al.). In addition to being more frequent, the incidents also seem to be getting more deadly. In fact, of the 12 deadliest mass shootings in U.S. history (each of which killed 12 or more), seven have occurred since 2007 (Deadliest U.S. Shootings). Indeed, if their entire recorded history is taken into account, the recent numbers sure show a sharp spike in number of incidents and deaths, as only 21 total shootings occurred between 1900 and 1966 (Duwe).When further investigating these numerous shootings, one can discern several... .... U.S. Has More hitmans And Gun Deaths Than Any early(a) Country, Study Finds. ABC News. ABC News Network, 19 Sept. 2013. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.Mesoudi, Alex, PhD. volume Shooting and circumstances Media Does Media Coverag e of Mass Shootings Inspire Copycat Crimes? planetary Human Press. N.p., 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2015.Module 2 A abbreviated History of Mental Illness and the U.S. Mental Health Care System. Unite for Sight. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.Perlstein, Rick. Thinking Like a Conservative (Part One) Mass Shootings and Gun Control. The Nation. N.p., 25 Sept. 2013. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.Seung-Hui Cho. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 Feb. 2014. Web. 7 Oct. 2015.Thomassie, Juan, Destin Frasier, Anthony DeBarros, Andrea Fuller, and Shayli Jimenez. Explore the Data on U.S. Mass Killings since 2006. USA Today. Gannett, 2 Dec. 2013. Web. 9 Oct. 2015.