Engineer in Society

Engineers work to move up economic and full solutions to practical problems, by applying mathematics, scientific knowledge and ingenuity while considering good constraints. The experimental condition is derived from the Latin root ingenium, meaning liable(p)ness. The industrial gyration and continuing technological knowledges of the last few centuries mother changed the con nonation of the term slightly, resulting in the perception of engineers as utilise scientists. The work of engineers is the link surrounded by perceived ineluctably of society and commercial natural coverings.As for engineering commentary it is a suss out, art and profession of acquiring and applying technical, scientific, and mathematical knowledge to innovation and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, trunks, and coveres that safely realize a desired objective or invention. The broad discipline of engineer encompasses a range of to a greater extent specialised sub disciplines, e ach with a more specific emphasis on certain fields of application and item beas of technology. The concept of technology has existed since antediluvian patriarch times as charitables devised fundamental inventions much(prenominal) as the pulley, lever, and wheel. separately of these inventions is consistent with the new- do definition of applied science, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop reusable tools and objects. The term engineer itself has a much more recent etymology, derivation from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engineer (liter completelyy, integrity who ope evaluate an engine) skipperly referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, an engine referred to a military machine, i. e. , a mechanical contraption apply in war (for example, a catapult). The word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 250), and meaning innate tonus, especi who ley mental power, hence a clever invention. Later, as the intent of civilian structures much(prenominal) as bridges and buildings mature as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a demeanor to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of much(prenominal) non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering (the original meaning of the word engineering, now largely obsolete, with nonable exceptions that offer survived to the gift day such as military engineering corps, e. g. the U. S. Army army corps of Engineers. applied science, much like other science, is a broad discipline which is ofttimes broken down into several sub-disciplines. With the rapid advancement of technology umteen recent fields be gaining prominence and youthful branches are growing such as materials engineering, computer engineering, software engineering, nanotechnology, tribology, molecular engineering, me chatronics, etc. These new specialties virtuallytimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches such as mechanical engineering and mechatronics and electrical and computer engineering.A new or emerging area of application result usually be defined temporarily as a permutation or subset of subsisting disciplines on that point is a lot gray area as to when a addicted sub-field becomes large and/or prominent enough to warrant classification as a new branch. One key indicator of such progeny is when major universities start establishing departments and programs in the new field. For each of these fields there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemical science and mathematics. plan is a military issue that ranges from large collaborations to small individual projects. intimately all engineering projects are beholden to some sort of financing agency a comp each, a set of in vestors, or a government. The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such issues are pro bono engineering and open picture engineering. By its precise personality engineering is bound up with society and gentlemans gentleman behaviour. all increase or construction used by modern society will wee-wee been beguiled by engineering pattern.Engineering figure is a very powerful tool to make changes to purlieu, society and economies, and its application brings with it a vast responsibility. Many lists of engineering societies suffer established codes of practice and codes of ethics to use up members and inform the public at large. Engineering projects quite a little be subject to controversy. Examples from different engineering disciplines include the development of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the institution and use of Sport utility vehicles and the extraction of oil.In response, some westward engineering companies have enacted serious corp orate and neighborly responsibility policies. Engineering is a key driver of human development. Sub-Saharan Africa in particular has a very small engineering capacity which results in numerous Afri asshole nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without away aid. The attainment of galore(postnominal) of the Millennium Development Goals requires the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development. resort is the stir of being safe (from French sauf), the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of misfortune, damage, mistake, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that get tos health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions.Safety engineering is an applied science strongly re youthfuld to arrangings engineering and the subset System Safety Engineering. Safety engineering assures that a life-critical agreement behaves as take even when pieces fail. unconstipated changes in technology, surroundingsal regulation and public caoutchouc concerns make the synopsis of manifold synthetic rubber-critical frames more and more demanding. Safety is a lot seen as one of a group of related to disciplines quality, reliability, availability, maintainability and base hit.These issues tend to determine the tax of any work, and deficits in any of these areas are considered to result in a cost, beyond the cost of addressing the area in the starting place good anxiety is thusly expected to minimize total cost. Theoretically, recourse-engineers take an early design of a system, analyze it to get what faults can occur, and thusly propose safety requirements in design specifications up front a nd changes to existing systems to make the system safer.But actually, safety engineers are assigned to prove that an existing, completed design is safe. If a safety engineer then discovers significant safety problems late in the design process, correcting them can be very expensive. This type of error has the potential to groundless large sums of money. The exception to this conventional approach is the way some large government agencies approach safety engineering from a more proactive and proven process perspective, cognize as system safety.The system safety philosophy is to be applied to mazy and critical systems, such as commercial sendliners, complex weapon systems, spacecraft, racetrack and transportation systems, air traffic hear system and other complex and safety-critical industrial systems. The proven system safety methods and techniques are to prevent, eliminate and control hazards and hazardinesss through designed influences by a collaboration of key engineering disciplines and crop teams. Software safety is a fast growing ield since modern systems perishality are increasingly being put under control of software. The complete concept of system safety and software safety, as a subset of systems engineering, is to influence safety-critical systems designs by conducting several types of hazard analyses to identify risks and to specify design safety features and procedures to strategically mitigate risk to pleasant levels before the system is certified. Additionally, mishap extenuation can go beyond design recommendations, particularly in the area of livelihood.There is an entire realm of safety and reliability engineering known as Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM), which is a discipline that is a direct result of analyzing potential trials within a system and determining alimentation actions that can mitigate the risk of failure. This methodology is used extensively on aircraft and involves understanding the failure modes of the serviceable replaceable assemblies in addition to the means to detect or predict an impending failure.Every automobile owner is familiar with this concept when they take in their machine to have the oil changed or brakes checked. Even filling up ones car with fuel is a simple example of a failure mode (failure due to fuel exhaustion), a means of detection (fuel gauge), and a maintenance action (filling the cars fuel tank). For large scale complex systems, hundreds if not thousands of maintenance actions can result from the failure analysis. These maintenance actions are found on conditions (e. g. , gauge reading or leaky valve), hard conditions (e. . , a component is known to fail after 100 hrs of operation with 95% certainty), or require inspection to determine the maintenance action (e. g. , metal fatigue). The RCM concept then analyzes each individual maintenance item for its risk contribution to safety, mission, operational readiness, or cost to repair if a failure does occ ur. Then the sum total of all the maintenance actions are bundled into maintenance intervals so that maintenance is not occurring around the clock, but rather, at regular intervals.This bundling process introduces further complexity, as it might stretch some maintenance cycles, thereby increasing risk, but get over others, thereby potentially reducing risk, with the end result being a comprehensive maintenance schedule, purpose built to down operational risk and ensure acceptable levels of operational readiness and availability. The two most common fault mannequin techniques are called failure mode and effects analysis and fault channelise analysis. These techniques are just ways of inding problems and of making plans to cope with failures, as in probabilistic risk assessment. One of the earliest complete studies using this technique on a commercial nuclear plant was the WASH-1400 study, also known as the Reactor Safety Study or the Rasmussen Report. Once a failure mode is iden tified, it can usually be prevented entirely by adding extra equipment to the system. For example, nuclear reactors acquit dangerous radiation, and nuclear reactions can cause so much heat that no substance might contain them.Therefore reactors have emergency core cooling systems to keep the temperature down, protect to contain the radiation, and engineered barriers (usually several, nested, surmounted by a containment building) to prevent accidental leakage. nearly biological organisms have a certain amount of prolixity sevenfold organs, multiple limbs, etc. For any given failure, a fail-over or redundancy can almost always be designed and incorporated into a system. health is the general condition of a person in all aspects.It is also a level of functional and/or metabolic efficacy of an organism, often implicitly human. At the time of the creation of the World health Organization (WHO), in 1948, health was defined as being a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Only a handful of publications have focused specifically on the definition of health and its evolution in the first 6 decades. Some of them highlight its lack of operational value and the problem bring ond by use of the word complete. Others declare the definition, which has not been limited since 1948, simply a bad one. In 1986, the WHO, in the Ottawa involve for Health Promotion, said that health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Classification systems such as the WHO Family of transnational Classifications (WHO-FIC), which is composed of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) also define health.Overall health is achieved through a combination of physical, mental, emotional, and social well- being, which, together is commonly referred to as the Health Triangle. Health and working together safety engineers plan, implement, and coordinate safety programs to prevent or correct unsafe environmental working conditions. They promote workplace and product safety by identifying and monitoring potential hazards to people or property.They then apply an advanced knowledge of industrial processes and human working(a) procedure principles to reduce or eliminate the risk of injury or damage. To bring out a safe and environmentally sound workplace, engineers coordinate with outside organizations, such as elevate departments or the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) design and install safety devices on machinery or clothing and investigate causes of industrial accidents to prevent further incidents. They also conduct tests to ascertain air quality, mental disturbance level, temperature, or radiation.Once the analysis is complete, they then consult with government al organizations on how to handle such problems in compliance with safety regulations. Health and safety engineers then coordinate the formulation of workers on safety procedures using safety equipment, devices, and clothing. Working under the Health Department and the work involves is the planning, administration and performance of public health engineering duties concerned with the execution of one or more phases of the environmental health program.The work entails advising public officials or individuals on problems requiring professional public health engineering expertise, including measures for make betterment and compliance with profound requirements, assisting in the promotion of public health through application of environmental health practices, assisting in the enforcement of the provisions of local and State health matters and investigations of related conditions and problems. The work is performed under general supervision of a Senior ordinary Health Engineer with l eeway allowed for exercise of independent judgment in carrying out details of the work.Engineers also played a relatively validatory role in medicine until the last 40 to 50 years. They produced instruments and articles stipulate by doctors and medical practitioners. There was however an interesting contribution made by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1855. He responded to the scandal of the appalling conditions of the Crimean contend military hospital, publicised by Florence Nightingale, by designing the first takeout hospital of one thousand beds within six days of receiving a request for help from the War Office. The project was completed in fiver months from design to admission of the first wounded soldier.The introduction of anaesthetics in 1846 essentially changed cognitive process by suppressing pain. This gave surgeons more time and allowed for the developments of new techniques which made surgery more constructive. However modern medical developments really began in 1876 w hen Robert Koch, a German doctor, proved for the first time that microorganisms could cause disease. The first chemical agent to attack transmission system, salvarsan or 606 (arsenobenzene) was developed by Paul Ehrlich in 1910 and although it had many side effects, remained the only means of curing acute infection until the second world war when penicillin was introduced.Although penicillin was originally discovered by Sir black lovage Fleming in 1928, it was the innovation and ingenuity of chemists and engineers such as Ernst Chain, who built for Beechams the fermenter which enabled loudness semi-synthetic penicillins to be produced. Whilst chemists and engineers were involved in delivering the benefits of microorganisms such as antibiotics and vaccines, electrical engineers were move and applying technology to the benefit of healthcare.Of special merit was Godfrey Hounsfields singular contribution in the 1960s of the development of third dimensional reconstructions from two dimensional (2D) X-rays, namely the brain scanner, later to be developed into the body scanner. Engineering in medicine has been an important and its believed that the role of the engineer in many areas of healthcare will grow. Constant innovation and development is needed to avoid the generations of the 21st century looking back at our surgical and medical techniques with the same appalled fascination in the 19th century.The ever-expanding soldiery of medical technologies includes artificial hips and organs, endoscopy (enabling minimally invasive surgery), intelligent prosthetic devices (artificial limbs, comprehend aids) and implantable devices (pacemaker, defibrillator), novel technologies used in cardiac catheterization, patient monitoring, and medical imaging. These developments have had a tremendous electrical shock on the medical industry and have led to numerous technologies and medical devices without which modern medicine would be unthinkable. immediatelys activities ra nge from nano- to entropy technology and involve such respective(a) applications as microsensors, artificial organs, physiological modelling, genomics, molecular imaging, home care monitoring, ergonomics, information processing, data management, and patient safety. Environment in this case is earthy environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally on terra firma or some region thereof. The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by two components.Complete ecologic units that function as natural systems without massive human intervention, including all vegetation, animals, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere and natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries. Others is universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack cleared boundaries, such as air, peeing, and climate, as well as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating from human activi ty. The natural environment is contrasted with the built environment, which comprises the areas and components that are strongly influenced by humans.A geographical area is regarded as a natural environment (with an indefinite article), if the human affect on it is kept under a certain limited level. In engineering, is more related with environmental engineering whereas define as the application of science and engineering principles to emend the environment (air, body of peeing, and/or land resources), to provide healthy body of water supply system, air, and land for human hearth and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites. environmental engineering involves water and air contaminant control, recycling, permissive brag disposal, and public health issues as well as knowledge of environmental engineering law.It also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction projects. Environmental engineers conduct hazardous-waste management studies t o adjudicate the significance of such hazards, advice on sermon and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater intercession systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources.At many universities, Environmental Engineering programs make out either the Department of Civil Engineering or The Department of chemic Engineering at engineering faculties. Environmental civil engineers focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, and water treatment plant design. Environmental chemical engineers, on the other hand, focus on environmental chemistry, advanced air and water treatment technologies and separation processes. Additionally, engineers are more frequently obtaining specialized training in law (J.D. ) and are utilizin g their technical expertise in the practices of Environmental engineering law. Most jurisdictions also impose licensing and registration requirements. Modern environmental engineering began in London in the mid-19th century when Joseph Bazalgette designed the first major sewerage system that reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases such as cholera. The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized countries reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death to rarities.In many cases, as societies grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those societies had longer-term impacts which reduced other environmental qualities. One example is the widespread application of DDT to control agrarian pests in the years following World War II. While the agricultural benefits were outstanding and crop yields increased dramatically, thus reducing world hunger substantially, and malaria was controlled better than it ever had been, numerou s species were brought to the verge of extinction due to the impact of the DDT on their reproductive cycles.The story of DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carsons Silent Spring is considered to be the birth of the modern environmental movement and the development of the modern field of environmental engineering. Conservation movements and laws restricting public actions that would harm the environment have been developed by unlike societies for millennia. Notable examples are the laws decreeing the construction of sewers in London and Paris in the 19th century and the creation of the U. S. national park system in the early 20th century.Briefly speaking, the main task of environmental engineering is to protect public health by protecting (from further degradation), preserving (the hold condition of), and enhancing the environment. Pollutants may be chemical, biological, thermal, radioactive, or even mechanical. Environmental engineering emphasizes several areas process engineering, e nvironmental chemistry, water and sewage treatment (sanitary engineering), waste reduction/management, and pollution prevention/cleanup.Contribution to society is engineers and scientists assess the impacts of a proposed project on environmental conditions. They apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, noise impacts, visual (landscape) impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop extenuation measures to limit or prevent such impacts.An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of wetlands in a nearby stead to mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not possible to reroute the road. Engineers and scientists also work to secure water supplies for drinking and agricultural use. They evaluate the water balance within a basin ful and determine the available water supply, the water needed for various needs in that watershed, the seasonal cycles of water movement through the watershed and they develop systems to store, treat, and convey water for various uses.Water is treated to achieve water quality objectives for the end uses. In the case of potable water supply, water is treated to minimize risk of infectious disease transmittal, risk of non-infectious illness, and create a palatable water flavour. Water distribution systems are designed and built to provide adequate water pressure and carry rates to meet various end-user needs such as domestic use, fire suppression, and irrigation.Most urban and many rural areas no longer drift off human waste directly to the land through outhouse, septic, and/or passion bucket systems, but rather deposit such waste into water and convey it from households via sewer systems. Engineers and scientists develop collection and treatment systems to carry this waste materi al away from where people live and produce the waste and nod off it into the environment. In developed countries, substantial resources are applied to the treatment and detoxification of this waste before it is discharged into a river, lake, or ocean system.Developing nations are striving to obtain the resources to develop such systems so that they can improve water quality in their surface waters and reduce the risk of water-borne infectious disease. There are numerous wastewater treatment technologies. A wastewater treatment train can consist of a direct clarifier system to remove solid and floating materials, a secondary treatment system consisting of an aeration basin followed by flocculation and sedimentation or an pioneer easy lay system and a secondary clarifier, a tertiary biological north removal system, and a final disinfection process.The aeration basin/activated sludge system removes original material by growing bacteria (activated sludge). The secondary clarifier removes the activated sludge from the water. The tertiary system, although not always included due to costs, is change state more prevalent to remove nitrogen and phosphorus and to disinfect the water before discharge to a surface water stream or ocean outfall. Engineers apply scientific and engineering principles to the design of manufacturing and combustion processes to reduce air pollutant emissions to acceptable levels.Scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, catalytic converters, and various other processes are utilized to remove particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive organic gases (ROG) and other air pollutants from flue gases and other sources earlier to allowing their emission to the atmosphere. Scientists also have developed air pollution scatter models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions.To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to lessening carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes. Technology is an application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulating the human environment. Technology includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and work more productive. Whereas science is concerned with how and why things happen, technology focuses on making things happen.Technology began to influence human endeavour as soon as people began using tools. It accelerated with the Industrial rotary motion and the substitution of machines for animal and human labour. Accelerated technological development has also had costs, in terms of air and water pollution and other unwanted environmental effects. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to achieve some practical result. Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields.For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.As for conclusion, engineer and engineering plays vital role in our life. Engineer has hand a lot with the careful research and development using all the mathematical and science related in creating, solving and also improve our daily life. In existent of engineer also we are advised in the safety, health and environment. In ways, engineers identify what is safe and what not. Engineer create something in aided the medical profession thus improving the quality of life.Engineer also contributes in preventing pollution to occur and also find alternative for not destroying the environment. With more technological advancement, engineer have infinite to what they can do in contribution to the society. Engineer must bear in mind, that everything must have it weakness and consequences. As such, engineer with pact to serve the society must have good research and have think all the effect that could have happen before doing any thing.